SEPARATION OF MIXTURES RESEARCH :D

Research~

Pleasehhh read :D

SEPARATION OF MIXTURE

Filtration

-Filtration is for separating an insoluble solid from a solid-liquid mixture.
-Sand,for example can be separated from liquid using filtration

Steps

-The filter paper is used to separate the mixture because it has tiny pores

-Only the tiny dissolved substances can pass through the tiny pores.

-The insoluble liquids that are too large to pass through the pores will remain on the filter paper.

-The substances collected on the filter paper is called residue.

-The solution collected in the flask is called the filtrate

Applications

-Water taps usually have a simple filter to screen out large mineral deposits. 
-Coffee makers use a filter to keep the coffee grounds out of the water. 

-A tea bag is a filter it filters tea leaves from the water.

Evaporation 

-Is good for separating a soluble solid from a liquid.

-Example,copper sulphate crystals can be separated from copper sulphate solution using evaporation.It is the water that evaporates,not the solution.

STEPS

-Liquid is heated to the point of vaporization

-Leaving solids behind

APPLICATIONS

-Industrial applications include recovering salts from solutions and drying a variety of materials such as lumber,paper,cloth and chemicals.

Crystallisation

-Used to recover pure soluble solid from a solution which is not heat stable

STEPS

-The solution is heated until it becomes saturated.

-It cools slowly so that the crystals can be formed easily

*If the compound is not heat-stable,strong heating to dryness would decompose it

APPLICATIONS

Macroscopic crystal production: for supply the demand of natural-like crystals with methods that "accelerate time-scale" for massive production and/or perfection.
o Ionic crystal production;
o Covalent crystal production.
* Tiny size crystals:
o Powder, sand and smaller sizes: using methods for powder and controlled (nanotechnology fruits) forms.
+ Mass-production: on chemical industry, like salt-powder production.
+ Sample production: small production of tiny crystals for material characterization. Controlled recrystallization is an important method to supply unusual crystals, that are needed to reveal the molecular structure and nuclear forces inside a typical molecule of a crystal. Many techniques, like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry to determine the structures of an immense variety of molecules, including inorganic compounds and bio-macromolecules.
o Thin film production.

Magnetic attraction

-Uses magnets to separate magnetic substances from a mixture.

-E.g. of magnetic substances are iron,steel,nickel and cobalt

STEPS

-Use a magnet and place it in a sample of iron and sulphur powder

-The magnet would attract the iron powder

APPLICATIONS

-Used to separate particles out based on magnetic properties 

Paper Chromatography

-Is used to separate a mixture which is based on the extent of solubility in given solvent

STEPS

-The basic paper chromatography has the following features:

                              

-The result of the separated components of the chromatography paper is called the chromatogram

Reverse Osmosis

- A water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane

- This membrane-technology is not properly a filtration method

- In RO, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential, a thermodynamic parameter

- RO can remove many types of molecules and ions from solutions and is used in both industrial processes and to produce potable water

- The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side

-To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely 

                                                                  

APPLICATIONS

- Drinking water purification

- Household drinking water purification systems, including a reverse osmosis step, are commonly used for improving water for drinking and cooking.

Distillation

-Used to separate a solid-liquid mixture

STEPS

-The liquid is heated until its boiling point and changes vapour

-The vapour is then cooled by a condenser and changes back into a liquid

-It is collected in the receiver as a distillate

-The impurities whch have much higher boiling points remain in the flask

-The bulb of the thermometer must be placed near the opening of the condenser so that it can measure the boiling point of the substance accurately

-During the boiling of the substance,the temperature remains constant

-The boiling chips are added for smooth boiling

APPLICATIONS

- Carbohydrate-containing plant materials are allowed to ferment, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process

-Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol

- Components other than ethanol, including water, esters, and other alcohols, are collected in the condensate, which account for the flavor of the beverage

Fractional distillation

-Used to separate a liquid-liquid mixture which is miscible

-Miscible liquids are 2 or more liquids that dissolve well in each other to form single continuous layer

STEPS

-Can only be used if the liquids have different boiling points

-The substance with a lower boiling point is distilled first

-A tall fractionating column filled with glass or glass beads is the fractional distillation

-It allows the separation of different liquids more efficiently

APPLICATIONS

-Separation of liquid air

-Separation of crude oil(or petroleum)

-Separation of ethanol from sugar solution